ProgressivTube Batch Solar Water Heater
SunEarth Empire Glazed Flat Plate Solar Collector
SunEarth SETR 0301 Controller
Choosing A System
Every passive solar water heater falls into one of two categories: open loop or closed loop. The difference is simple. Open-loop systems heat the water that you actually use, while closed-loop systems heat an antifreeze-water solution (water and glycol) that transfers its heat to the domestic hot water.
If you live in a region where the temperature stays above freezing, you can get by with the simpler open-loop type. If you live in an area that experiences freezing temperatures for much of the year, you'll need to go with a closed-loop system.
The most basic open-loop type is called a batch collector, or integral collector storage system. Large-diameter pipes or one or more tanks are mounted in an insulated box with double or triple glazing. Batch collectors are plumbed into the household water system and feed hot water to the domestic water heater, or bypass it when there's ample sunshine. The disadvantage of a batch collector is that it is also a storage tank. That means that if you don't use the hot water quickly, you'll lose the heat it contains.
A more efficient open-loop system is a flat-plate collector type that transfers water to an insulated storage tank. These insulated and glazed panels contain water in rows of copper tubes mounted in a heat-absorbing black plate. Most systems use an electric circulator, but photovoltaic pumps are available also.
If you live in an area that experiences occasional freezing, either type of open-loop system can be set up to circulate warm water from the storage tank to the collector when the temperature drops to prevent freezing. However, this is risky since it can wreak havoc with the system's temperature sensors. Also, it wastes heat and uses electricity; hence, these systems are not a good fit for many areas of the United States.
Closed-loop systems are inherently more complex than open-loop types. In the system shown on the lead page, the heated antifreeze-water solution flows from the collector to a coil in a tank. Domestic water in the tank is heated by the coil. In a drainback system just the opposite occurs. In it, heated water flows directly into the tank, transferring its heat to the house's domestic water in the coil. The system, which uses distilled water or a blend of water and glycol, is designed so that the collector has water in it only when the circulator is running. When the circulator shuts off, water drains into the storage tank. The design is popular in cold regions because it prevents freeze damage to the system.